What is reflowable EPUB formatting, and how is it different from fixed layout?
Reflowable EPUB formatting builds a book as a stream of structured content rather than as a set of pages. The reading system arranges the text to fit whatever screen it lands on, and the reader controls the typeface, the size, the margins, the spacing and the background. Fixed layout does the opposite: every element is placed on a canvas of a known size and nothing moves. Reflowable is right for nearly all prose. Fixed layout is right when the relationship between image and word on a page is the point of the book.
Why can a reader change my fonts and sizes at all?
Because they own the reading experience and the specification is built around that. This is not a flaw to be worked around, it is the reason eBooks are readable by people who cannot read print. A reader with low vision sets the type to 26 points. A commuter reads at 11 on a phone. Someone with dyslexia switches to their preferred typeface. Your interior has to be good in all three situations, and any design that only works at your settings has quietly excluded a lot of people.
What actually breaks when someone enlarges the type in an eBook?
The things that were measured rather than related. A chapter opener with a fixed gap above it keeps that gap while the title swells to fill the screen. A drop cap with a fixed offset collides with the second line. An image sized in pixels stays the same while the text around it doubles, so it shrinks into insignificance or, on a phone, dominates everything. A table bursts its columns. Everything we build is expressed relative to the body text precisely so that none of this happens.
How do you make drop caps work across different reading systems?
By building them proportionally and giving them somewhere to fall. A drop cap is a floated letter whose height is tied to the line height of the body text, so it stays three lines deep whatever size the reader chooses. Support for that float is genuinely inconsistent, so we declare a fallback: on a system that will not float it, the reader gets a large, deliberate initial capital instead of a letter overlapping the sentence. You get the effect where it works, and something intentional everywhere else.
Will my scene-break ornaments survive on every device?
They will if they are real elements rather than empty lines, which is the mistake almost every do-it-yourself interior makes. Blank lines get collapsed by reading systems and swallowed at screen boundaries, so the reader turns a page, finds a new scene underway and never registers that anything shifted. We build breaks as styled blocks with proportional spacing, and we set rules that prevent them being stranded alone at the foot of a screen, then we check what each reading system actually did with those rules.
Does my eBook work in dark mode, and what do I need to know about it?
It works, but your images may not, and no validator will ever tell you. The reading system inverts the background and leaves your artwork alone. Black line art on a transparent background disappears completely against a black page. A scanned signature or diagram with a white surround becomes a glowing white rectangle sitting in the middle of your prose. We check every image against a dark theme and give the ones that need it a background treatment, so the book is legible whichever way round your reader has it.
What are relative units and why does it matter that you use them?
A relative unit expresses a measurement as a ratio of something else, usually the body text size, rather than as a fixed number of pixels. Set an indent at 1.2em and it grows when the reader grows the type. Set it at 20 pixels and it does not, so at a large size it becomes an invisible nudge and at a small size an enormous gutter. The same logic applies to every space, every heading and every ornament. A reflowable book with fixed measurements in it is not really reflowable, it is a layout that happens to rearrange.
Can I control widows and orphans in a reflowable book?
Partly, and honesty is required here. You cannot control where lines fall, because you do not control the screen or the type size, so a widow at the bottom of one reader's screen is mid-paragraph on another's. What you can control is whether a heading is allowed to be left alone at the foot of a screen with its first paragraph on the next, and whether a caption can be separated from its figure. Those rules exist, they are honoured unevenly, and we set them and then verify on hardware what each system actually did.
How do images behave when the text reflows around them?
They do not flow around anything, and it is better to accept that early. Text wrap in a reflowable book is unreliable and looks wrong the moment the reader changes anything. Instead, images sit in the flow as blocks, sized as a percentage of the viewport with a cap on their height, so they occupy a sensible proportion of a phone and a sensible proportion of a tablet from a single file. Where a picture genuinely needs to stand alone, it gets its own break, so it never lands halfway through a sentence.
What is publisher styling, and why do you test with it switched off?
Most reading systems have a setting, usually not prominent, that discards the book's stylesheet and renders it in the reader's own defaults. Plenty of people leave it on without ever knowing what it does. When it is on, everything you paid for in the visual design is gone, and only the structure remains. A book built on real semantics still reads correctly, because a heading is still a heading. A book built on visual styling collapses into one long undifferentiated column of text. We read every book in that state before delivery.
Should a cookbook or an illustrated book be reflowable or fixed?
It depends on whether the picture explains the words or is the point of the page. A cookbook where each photograph illustrates a recipe usually works reflowably, and it should, because readers hold cookbooks on phones in kitchens and need to enlarge the ingredients. A cookbook where the food photography bleeds across a spread with type placed on it will not survive reflow, and forcing it to is a slow way to ruin the design. We will look at your book and argue for one, with reasons.
How do you handle hyphenation and justification on an e-ink screen?
Carefully, because e-ink is where this fails hardest. A narrow column, justified, with hyphenation disabled, produces rivers of white space wide enough to distract from the sentence. The device can only hyphenate if the language is declared, and a surprising number of eBooks never declare it. We set the language attribute in the package and in the markup, enable hyphenation properly, and then choose between justified and ragged-right per book after looking at it on an actual e-ink screen rather than guessing.
Can I use my own typeface in a reflowable book?
Where the licence permits embedding, yes, and with two caveats worth knowing before you get attached to the idea. Some reading systems strip embedded fonts in some contexts, so a fallback stack has to sit behind every family or your reader gets whatever the device felt like. And many readers override your typeface with their own preference regardless, which they are entitled to do. Your interior therefore has to look intentional in your typeface and in theirs, which means the hierarchy cannot depend on the font.
Why does my book look different on Kindle than it did in my previewer?
Because Amazon converts your EPUB into its own internal format during ingestion, and that conversion reinterprets a good deal of reflowable CSS, particularly around margins, indents and fonts. It is not a fault in your file, it is the platform. The answer is to write the interior so it degrades sensibly rather than depending on any single rule being honoured, and then to look at the converted file in Kindle Previewer before publishing so you know exactly which of your decisions Amazon has overruled.
How do you keep tables usable when the reader enlarges the text?
First by asking whether it needs to be a table, because a great many are lists wearing a grid and behave far better as lists. Where the data is genuinely tabular, it is built as a real table with header cells and then read at the largest type size on the narrowest screen we own, which is the moment of truth. If it bursts, we restructure it into a stacked, labelled form where each row becomes a small block. A reader who gets the data beats a reader who gets a horizontal scroll bar.
Is reflowable formatting better for accessibility?
It is the only format that works properly. A screen reader needs real structure to follow, and a reader with low vision needs to be able to enlarge the text without the layout collapsing. Both of those are exactly what a well-built reflowable book provides and exactly what a fixed layout cannot, since fixed layout is a picture of a page. This is also why libraries, universities and several jurisdictions now require reflowable, structurally sound files before they will buy a title at all.
What happens to poetry and verse when the text reflows?
Left to itself, it is destroyed, and this is the case we care most about getting right. Reflow wants to treat a line as a fragment of a paragraph, but in verse the line is the unit of meaning. We set poetry as real line-level markup, so each line is a line, and we give runover lines a hanging indent, so that when a reader enlarges the type a long line wraps beneath itself as an obvious continuation rather than masquerading as the next line of the poem.
Can a reflowable eBook look as good as a printed book?
It can look considered, coherent and clearly designed, and at a good tablet at sensible settings it can look genuinely beautiful. What it cannot do is look identical for everyone, because everyone is holding a different page. The right ambition is not to reproduce the print interior but to carry its character into a form the reader controls. Books that try to reproduce a printed page inside a reflowable file end up worse than either, and that is the mistake we spend most of our time talking authors out of.
What does the reader-settings report tell me?
It tells you what your readers are actually seeing, which you otherwise have no way of knowing. It records how the book renders at each setting we test, on each device we test on: largest and smallest type, night mode, sepia, reader font forced, publisher styling off, landscape. Where a particular reading system does something unusual, that is noted along with what we did about it. It is the difference between hoping your book behaves and being able to point at evidence that it does.
Can you fix an existing reflowable eBook that misbehaves at certain settings?
Yes. Rescuing a reflow that has gone wrong is a steady part of our week. Send us the file and tell us what you or your readers have noticed. Most of these repairs come down to a small number of causes: absolute sizing in the stylesheet, drop caps or ornaments with no fallback, images sized in pixels, blank lines standing in for scene breaks, and a stylesheet so bloated by a converter that nothing in it can be reasoned about. All of them are fixable, and usually for considerably less than a rebuild.